A Comparison Study On Engine Oil Properties For Bi-Fuel Motorcycle

All mechanical equipment must be lubricated in order to reduce friction and wear between the touching surfaces. For four-stroke motorcycle engine, the function of the engine oil play critical roles since the oil does not burn along with fuel in combustion chamber as two-stroke motorcycle engines. The oil will circulate around inside the engine and the quality of the oil will decreased time by time. In conjunction with that, the engine oil must be removed after certain running period or distance recommended by the engine manufactures. The use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel claimed to provide several benefits to engine components and effectively reduce maintenance requirements. It does not mix with or dilute the lubricating oil faster and will not cause deposits in combustion chambers as well as on spark plugs to the extend that the use of petrol does, thereby generally extending the engine oil, piston ring and spark plug. It is the intention of this paper to compare the effect of both physical and chemical properties of motorcycle engine oil used by MODENASS KRISS 110cc motorcycle engine after running 5000 km using natural gas and gasoline respectively

Positive Unit Hyperresolution Tableaux and Their Application to Minimal Model Generation

Minimal Herbrand models of sets of first-order clauses are useful in several areas of computer science, e.g. automated theorem proving, program verification, logic programming, databases, and artificial intelligence. In most cases, the conventional model generation algorithms are inappropriate because they generate nonminimal Herbrand models and can be inefficient. This article describes an approach for generating the minimal Herbrand models of sets of first-order clauses. The approach builds upon positive unit hyperresolution (PUHR) tableaux, that are in general smaller than conventional tableaux. PUHR tableaux formalize the approach initially introduced with the theorem prover SATCHMO. Two minimal model generation procedures are described. The first one expands PUHR tableaux depth-first relying on a complement splitting expansion rule and on a form of backtracking involving constraints. A Prolog implementation, named MM-SATCHMO, of this procedure is given and its performance on benchmark suites is reported. The second minimal model generation procedure performs a breadth-first, constrained expansion of PUHR (complement) tableaux. Both procedures are optimal in the sense that each minimal model is constructed only once, and the construction of nonminimal models is interrupted as soon as possible. They are complete in the following sense The depth-first minimal model generation procedure computes all minimal Herbrand models of the considered clauses provided these models are all finite. The breadth-first minimal model generation procedure computes all finite minimal Herbrand models of the set of clauses under consideration. The proposed procedures are compared with related work in terms of both principles and performance on benchmark problems

Mangrove (Rhizophoro Apiculata) Fannins As A Potential Corrosion Inhibitor For Aluminium In Acidic Medium.

Utilisation of a green corrosion inhibitor formulated from natural, biodegradable and nontoxic organic compounds in industries has been extensively explored by a*great number of researchers. Investigation of tannins extracted from Mangrove Rhizophoro Apiculata sp. as a corrosion inhibitor for aluminum alloy has been carried out in acidic medium

Pelaksanaan pengawasan KUA terhadap pengelolaan benda wakaf (studi kasus di kantor urusan agama (KUA) Kecamatan Sipirok)

Skripsi ini berjudul: Pelaksanaan Pengawasan KUA Terhadap Pengelolaan Benda Wakaf (Studi Kasus di Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA) Kecamatan Sipirok). Permasalahan yang sering terjadi dalam pelaksanaan pengawasan yang dilakukan KUA Kecamatan sipirok selalu tidak tegas dalam memberikan teguran atas keterlambatannya melapor sehingga pengelola benda wakaf cenderung menyepelekan tugasnya. Hal ini terus menerus berlangsung dan mengakibatkan pengawasan atas benda wakaf terganggu dan tidak dapat terpantau secara berkala. Kendala yang dihadapi KUA Kecamatan sipirok dalam pelaksanaan pengawasan adalah kurangnya sumber daya KUA yang mampu dalam melaksanakan pengawasan, kurangnya kerja sama KUA ataupun komunikasi KUA dengan tokoh agama disebabkan terbatasnya waktu untuk melaksanakan pengawasan karena KUA bukan hanya mengurusi perwakafan, keterlambatan pembuatan laporan tentang hasil perwakafan oleh nadzir/ pengelola benda wakaf dan anggapan dari pengelola benda wakaf bahwa benda wakaf tanpa dijaga dengan benar, akan aman-aman saja dan dapat terjamin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pelaksanaan pengawasan KUA terhadap pengelolaan benda wakaf di KUA Kecamatan Sipirok. Untuk mengetahui kendala apa saja yang dihadapi oleh KUA kecamatan Sipirok dalam pelaksanaan pengawasan. Penelitian yang dilaksanakan adalah dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif lapangan yang mengambil lokasi di KUA Kecamatan Sipirok dengan obyek kajian peneliti adalah tentang wakaf yang difokuskan pada permasalahan efektifitas pengawasan KUA terhadap pengelolaan benda wakaf. Adapun sampel penelitian ini diambil berdasarkan sample bola salju (snowball sample). Maka untuk mengetahui hasil atau kebenaran permasalahan dalam penelitiaan ini, penulis menggunakan instrumen pengumpulan data dengan cara interview. Sedangkan untuk pengelola dan menganalisis data dilakukan dengan editing data, redaksi data, tekhnik deskripsi data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu pelaksanaan pengawasan yang telah dilakukan KUA Kecamatan Sipirok, yaitu sudah ada prosedur secara manual dan baku, tertulis dan teruji sebagai dasar (ukuran) bagi pengawas untuk melaksanakan pengawasan, yaitu bahwa penulis menilai para pengawas benda wakaf dalam melaksanakan tugasnya adalah orang-orang yang jujur, terbukti dengan telah mengecek kelapangan dan menulis laporan yang disampaikan kepada kepala KUA tentang kondisi dan perkembangan benda wakaf yang diawasinya

Potential of using palm oil fuel ash and expanded polystyrene as an alternative concrete substance

Recently, the use of recyclable materials as concrete materials has become increasingly popular. Many researchers have interested on the use of different materials such as fibre, pozzolanic materials, plastic, polystyrene, food waste and so on for the replacement of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, as well as sand. This is because the disposal of industrial waste and non-biodegradable materials such as plastic or polystyrene has increased drastically in recent years, thereby causing many problems to the environment. In addition, the palm oil industry has also been contributing to the increasing amount of industrial waste. Previous studies have identified the potential of palm oil fly ash (POFA) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) as concrete substances. The purpose of this study was to determine the compressive strength, density and thermal conductivity of concrete made using partial percentages of POFA and EPS as cement and fine aggregate replacement, respectively. The proportions of POFA used as a cement replacement were 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight. Meanwhile, the proportions of EPS used as fine aggregate replacement were 10%, 20% and 30% by volume. The mechanical properties between concrete containing POFA and EPS and that of normal concrete were compared. The concrete samples were designed to achieve the target strength of 25 MPa at the age of 28 days. Through this study, the higher proportions of POFA and EPS used showed the lower compressive strength and density of concrete. The optimum percentages for cement and fine aggregate replacement were determined as 20% of EPS and 20% of POFA, respectively. The concrete compressive strength containing 20% of EPS and 20% of POFA closely achieved the strength of 20 MPa which is the highest compressive strength at 28 days compared to other percentages of replacement and fulfilled the requirements strength of structural concrete. Through this study also, showed the decrease in thermal conductivity was mainly contributed by the volume of EPS used. The lower thermal conductivity occurred due to EPS particles characteristic which is lower thermal capacity

A NOVEL STUDY OF VALIDITY OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS AS A PREDICTOR TO TUBERCULOSIS OF THORACIC SPINE

Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the validity of latent tuberculosis (TB) as a predictor for TB of thoracic spine.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 31 patients with osteoarticular TB diagnosed on the base of clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging, and tissue biopsy. Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics of the disease were recorded. Latent TB was diagnosed by tuberculin skin test (TST) >10 mm. Results: The mean age of patients was 44.9 ± 19.0 years. Females were 17 (54.8) and mean body mass index was 24.6 ± 4.9 kg/m2. Thoracic spine was the highest osteoarticular TB site. Then, lumbar spine TB was 3 (9.7%) patients. Third in rank was TB of the knee joints 2 (6.5%). Cervical spine and hip joint TB were each one, 1 (3.2) patients, respectively. Validity of latent TB as a test to predict TB of thoracic spine revealed that if TST was positive, then this test will be accurate in 77.42% and we can establish the diagnosis of TB of the thoracic spine with 90.48% confidence if we had a clinical suspicion of TB of thoracic spine.Conclusion: There was a significant positive correlation between osteoarticular TB and latent TB. Thoracic spine TB was the most common osteoarticular TB infection compared to other sites. Patients who had latent TB have 9.5 times risk of having TB of the thoracic spine. Latent TB was a valid measure to predict TB of thoracic spine

Potential of Using Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Expanded Polystyrene as an alternative Concrete Substance

Recently, the use of recyclable materials as concrete materials has become increasingly popular. Many researchers have interested on the use of different materials such as fibre, pozzolanic materials, plastic, polystyrene, food waste and so on for the replacement of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, as well as sand. This is because the disposal of industrial waste and non-biodegradable materials such as plastic or polystyrene has increased drastically in recent years, thereby causing many problems to the environment. In addition, the palm oil industry has also been contributing to the increasing amount of industrial waste. Previous studies have identified the potential of palm oil fly ash (POFA) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) as concrete substances. The purpose of this study was to determine the compressive strength, density and thermal conductivity of concrete made using partial percentages of POFA and EPS as cement and fine aggregate replacement, respectively. The proportions of POFA used as a cement replacement were 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight. Meanwhile, the proportions of EPS used as fine aggregate replacement were 10%, 20% and 30% by volume. The mechanical properties between concrete containing POFA and EPS and that of normal concrete were compared. The concrete samples were designed to achieve the target strength of 25 MPa at the age of 28 days. Through this study, the higher proportions of POFA and EPS used showed the lower compressive strength and density of concrete. The optimum percentages for cement and fine aggregate replacement were determined as 20% of EPS and 20% of POFA, respectively. The concrete compressive strength containing 20% of EPS and 20% of POFA closely achieved the strength of 20 MPa which is the highest compressive strength at 28 days compared to other percentages of replacement and fulfilled the requirements strength of structural concrete. Through this study also, showed the decrease in thermal conductivity was mainly contributed by the volume of EPS used. The lower thermal conductivity occurred due to EPS particles characteristic which is lower thermal capacity

Inhibitive behaviour of corrosion of aluminium alloy in NaCl by mangrove tannin

Anticorrosion potential of mangrove tannins on aluminium alloys AA6061 in NaCl solution has been studied using potentiodynamic polarisation method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study was carried out in different pH of corrosive medium in the absence and presence of various concentrations of tannin. The corrosion inhibition behaviour of the mangrove tannin on AA6061 aluminium alloy corrosion was found to be dependant on the pH of NaCl solution. Our results showed that the inhibition efficiency increased with increasing tannins concentration in chloride solution at pH 6. Treatment of aluminium alloy 6061 with all concentrations of mangrove tannins reduced the current density, thus decreased the corrosion rate. Tannins behaved as mixed inhibitors at pH 6 and reduction in current density predominantly affected in cathodic reaction. Meanwhile, at pH 12, addition of tannins shifted the corrosion potential to more cathodic potentials and a passivating effect was observed in anodic potentials. SEM studies have shown that the addition of tannins in chloride solution at pH 12 reduced the surface degradation and the formation of pits

A unique effect of clonazepam on frontal lobe seizure control

AbstractIn a 16-year-old female, clonazepam (CZP) changed randomly occurring intractable tonic seizures of frontal lobe origin to a few sleep seizures when used as an adjunctive therapy. The significance of this change in the seizure pattern is discussed with an explanation of possible pathophysiologic mechanism

Adaptive Fuzzy-PID Controller for Liquid Flow Control in the Heating Tank System

Liquid flow control systems are often used in some industrial processes. One of the problems is the existence of disturbance that can cause the flow response to become unstable. Thus, it is necessary to re-tuning the controller when the disturbance occurs. This study aims to design and implement an Adaptive Fuzzy-PID (AF-PID) controller for the liquid flow control in the heating tank system. We develop an industrial plant prototype of a heating tank process to test the designed controller on a laboratory scale. AF-PID controller is used to controlling the flow rate when the disturbance occurs. The nominal PID controller constants will adjust by additional PID constants when there is a disturbance based on the Mamdani type fuzzy logic rule. The hardware experimental result shows that the designed controller can maintain the stability of the liquid flow when given 50% and 100% pipe leakages with maximum undershot by 3.33% and 24% respectively